BUILDING BLOCK OF INNOVATION; EDUCATION, THE EDUCATION EXPENDITURES IN EU COUNTRIES AND TURKEY
Abstract views: 4319 / PDF downloads: 47
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7443327Keywords:
innovation, education, education expenditure, EU, budgetAbstract
Innovation is one of the most popular topics today both for academia and business life. Countries as well as companies are aware of the competitive advantage coming hand in hand with innovation rather than conventional trade, so it seems very important to make successful innovations. One of the basic building blocks of innovation is education, innovative human resources are in general results of successful education systems. In this research the education expenditures of EU countries and Turkey is being analyzed and compared. The relevant data is collected from international associations such as World Bank, IMF, Eurostat and from TUIK. Results of this study shows that, even there has been an increase in education expenditures, it is still below the EU averages.
References
EU, 2022. Country Profiles. https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/country-profiles_en?page=0
EU. History of the European Union 1945-59. https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/history-eu/1945-59_en
Eurostat, 2022. Total Government Expenditure on Education 2020 % of GDP. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/b/bf/Total_general_government_expenditure_on_education%2C_2020%2C_%25_of_GDP.png
IMF, 2022. GDP Current Prices for 2022. https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD
Kitapçı, İ. (2019). Joseph Schumpeter’in Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Anlayışı: Yaratıcı Yıkım Kavramı ve Geçmişten Günümüze Yansımaları. Journal of Empirical Economics and Social Sciences, 1 (2) , 54-74. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/jeess/issue/49937/620864
McCraw, T. K. (2010). Prophet of innovation. Harvard university press
OECD. 2005. Oslo Manual: Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data. Paris, OECD Publications
OECD. 2016. Innovating Education and Educating for Innovation: The Power of Digital Technologies and Skills. OECD Publishing, Paris.
OECD/Eurostat. 2018, Oslo Manual 2018: Guidelines for Collecting, Reporting and Using Data on Innovation, 4th Edition, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, OECD Publishing, Paris/Eurostat, Luxembourg
Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2020. History of Türkiye- EU Relations. https://www.ab.gov.tr/111_en.html
Schumpeter J. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
TUIK, 2021. Eğitim harcamaları istatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Egitim-Harcamalari-Istatistikleri-2020-37199#:~:text=T%C3%9C%C4%B0K%20Kurumsal&text=T%C3%BCrkiye'de%20e%C4%9Fitim%20harcamalar%C4%B1%202020,5%2C4%20ile%20ilkokul%20oldu.
TCMB, 2022. Indicative Exchange Rates. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/en/tcmb+en/main+menu/statistics/exchange+rates/indicative+exchange+rates
WIPO (2021). Global Innovation Index 2021: Tracking Innovation through the COVID-19 Crisis. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization.
World Bank, 2021. GDP Current US$. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 NEW ERA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY SOCIAL RESEARCHES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.